General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 17, Issue 3 , Pages 192-200 , May 1995

Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders

  • John J. Miller, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
  • ,
  • Ken Fletcher, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
  • ,
  • Jon Kabat-Zinn, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Jon Kabat-Zinn, Ph.D., Stress Reduction Clinic, Department of Medicine-Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Central, Worcester, MA 01655.
    • the Stress Reduction Clinic, Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

References 

  1. Delmonte MM. Meditation and anxiety reduction: a literature review. Clin Psychol Rev. 1985;5:91–102
  2. Benson H, Frankel FH, Apfel R, et al.  Treatment of anxiety: a comparison of the usefulness of self-hypnosis and a meditational relaxation technique. An overview. Psychother Psychosom. 1978;30:229–242
  3. Goldberg R. Anxiety reduction by self-regulation: theory, practice, and evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:483–487
  4. Murphy M, Donovan S. In: Standard ed. The Physical and Psychological Effects of Meditation. San Rafael, CA: Esalen Institute Study of Exceptional Functioning; 1988;
  5. Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, et al.  Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:936–943
  6. Kabat-Zinn J. In: Standard ed. Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Delacorte; 1990;
  7. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness Meditation: Health Benefits of an Ancient Buddhist Practice. In:  Goleman D,  Gurin J editor. Mind/Body Medicine. 1993;p. 259–275 Yonkers, NY, Consumer Reports Books
  8. Kabat-Zinn J. An out-patient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditanon: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1982;4:33–47
  9. Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R. The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. J Behav Med. 1985;8:163–190
  10. Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R, Sellers W. Four-year follow-up of a meditation-based program for the self-regulation of chronic pain: treatment outcomes and compliance. Clin J Pain. 1986;2:159–173
  11. Kabat-Zinn J, Chapman-Waldrop A. Compliance with an outpatient stress reduction program: rates and predictors of completion. J Behav Med. 1988;11:333–352
  12. Kabat-Zinn J. In: Standard ed. Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. New York: Hyperion; 1994;
  13. Epstein M. Attention in analysis. Psychoanalysis Contemp Thought. 1988;11:171–189
  14. Freud S. In: Standard ed. Recommendations to physicians practicing, psychoanalysis. Vol. 12:London: Hogarth Press; 1912;1955;
  15. Thera N. In: 3rd ed.. The Heart of Buddhist Meditation. New York: Weiser; 1962;
  16. Goleman D, Epstein M. Meditation and Well-being: an Eastern Model of Psychological Health. In:  Walsh R,  Shapiro DH editor. Beyond Health and Normality. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1983;p. 228–252
  17. Kutz I, Borysenko J, Benson H. Meditation and psychotherapy: a rationale for the integration of dynamic psychotherapy, the relaxation response, and mindfulness meditation. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:1–8
  18. Kutz I, Leserman J, Dorrington C, et al.  Meditation as an adjunct to psychotherapy: an outcome study. Psychother Psychosom. 1985;43:209–218
  19. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32:50–55
  20. DiNardo PA, Barlow DH. In: 3rd ed.. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised (ADIS-R). Albany, NY: Graywind Publications; 1988;
  21. Williams JBW. A Structured Interview Guide For The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:742–747
  22. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An Inventory For Measuring Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571
  23. Chambless DL, Caputo CG, Jasin SE, Gracely EJ, Williams C. The Mobility Inventory For Agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther. 1985;23:35–44
  24. Arrindell WA, van der Ende J. Further evidence for cross-sample invariance of phobic factors: psychiatric inpatient ratings on the fear survey schedule-III. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24:289–297
  25. Derogatis LR. In: 3rd ed.. SCL-90-R Manual II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1983;
  26. Selye H. In: 3rd ed.. The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1976;p. 55
  27. Schwartz GE. Disregulation and systems theory: a biobehavioral framework for biofeedback and behavioral medicine. In:  Shapiro D, et al. editor. Biofeedback and Behavioral Medicine, 1979/1980. New York: Aldine; 1982;p. 27–56
  28. Kabat-Zinn J. In: 3rd ed.. Full Catastrophe Living. New York: Delta; 1991;p. 264–273
  29. Varela FJ, Thompson E, Rosch E. In: 3rd ed.. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1991;
  30. Epstein M. In: 3rd ed.. Thoughts Without a Thinker: Psychotherapy From a Buddhist Perspective. New York: Basic Books; 1995;
  31. Teasdale JD, Segal Z, Williams JMG. How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:25–39
  32. Charney DS, Woods SW, Goodman WK, Rifkin B, Kinch M, Aiken B, et al. Drug treatment of panic disorders: the comparative efficacy of imipramine, alprazolam, and trazodone. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47(12):580–586
  33. Gershon S, Eison AS. The idea anxiolytic. Psychiatr Ann. 1987;17(3):156–170
  34. Borkovec TD, Mathews AM, Cambers A, et al.  Treatment of nonphobic anxiety disorders: a comparison of nondirective, cognitive, and coping desensitization therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56:877–884
  35. Borkovec TD, Mathews AM, Chambers A, et al.  The effects of relaxation training with cognitive or nondirective therapy and the role of relaxation-induced anxiety in the treatment of generalized anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55:883–888
  36. Van Valkenburg CH, Akiska HS, Puzantian V, et al.  Anxious depression. J Affect Disord. 1984;6:67–82
  37. Kabat-Zinn J. Six-month hospital visit cost reductions in medical patients following self-regulatory training. In: Poster presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting. Washington, DC. March 22, 1987;
  38. Sobel D. Mind Matters and Money Matters: Is Clinical Behavioral Medicine Cost Effective?. In: 3rd ed.. The Psychology of Health, Immunity and Disease Workbook. Vol A:National Institute for the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine; 1992; 4th National Conference, CT, Mansfield Center
  39. Orme-Johnson D. Medical care utilization and the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychsom Med. 1987;49:493–507

 Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, San Francisco, CA, March 11–13, 1993.

PII: 0163-8343(95)00025-M

General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 17, Issue 3 , Pages 192-200 , May 1995