General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 27, Issue 2 , Pages 133-139 , March 2005

Mood and anxiety disorders in women with treated hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy caused by Graves' disease

  • Robertas Bunevicius, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA
    • Institute of Endocrinology, Kaunas Univeristy of Medicine, Kaunas, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA. Tel.: +1 919 843 3091; fax: +1 919 966 4180.
    • ,
  • Dzilda Velickiene, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Endocrinology, Kaunas Univeristy of Medicine, Kaunas, Kaunas, LT-50009, Lithuania
    • ,
  • Arthur J. Prange Jr., M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA

Received 31 May 2004 ,Accepted 28 October 2004.

References 

  1. Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG. The epidemiology of thyroid diseases. In:  Braverman LE,  Utiger RD editor. Werner & Ingbar's thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 8th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 465–473
  2. Whybrow PC, Bauer M. Behavioral and psychiatric aspects of thyrotoxicosis. In:  Braverman LE,  Utiger RD editor. Werner & Ingbar's thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 8th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 673–678
  3. Kathol RG, Delahunt JW. The relationship of anxiety and depression to symptoms of hyperthyroidism using operational criteria. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 1986;8:23–28
  4. Trzepacz PT, McCue M, Klein I, Levey GS, Greenhouse J. A psychiatric and neuropsychological study of patients with untreated Graves' disease. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 1988;10:49–55
  5. Placidi GPA, Boldrni M, Patronelli A, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in thyroid diseased patients. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;38:222–225
  6. Whybrow PC, Prange AJ, Treadway CR. Mental changes accompanying thyroid gland dysfunction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1969;20:48–63
  7. MacCrimmon DJ, Wallace JE, Goldberg WM, Streiner DL. Emotional disturbance and cognitive deficits in hyperthyroidism. Psychosom. Med. 1979;41:331–340
  8. Demet MM, Ozmen B, Deveci A, et al. Depression and anxiety in hyperthyroidism. Arch. Med. Res. 2002;33:552–556
  9. Schlote B, Nowotny B, Schaaf L, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: physical and mental state of patients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1992;241:357–364
  10. Trzepacz PT, Klein I, Roberts M, Greenhouse J, Levey GS. Graves' disease: an analysis of thyroid hormone levels and hyperthyroid signs and symptoms. Am. J. Med. 1989;87:558–561
  11. Larsen PR. Thyroid–pituitary interaction: feedback regulation of thyrotropin secretion by thyroid hormones. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982;306:23–32
  12. Trzepacz PT, McCue M, Klein I, Greenhouse J, Levey GS. Psychiatric and neuropsychological response to propranolol in Graves' disease. Biol. Psychiatry. 1988;23:678–688
  13. Bommer M, Eversmann T, Pickardt R, Leonhardt A, Naber D. Psychopathological and neuropsychological symptoms in patients with subclinical and remitted hyperthyroidism. Klin. Wochenschr. 1990;68:552–558
  14. Stern RA, Robinson B, Thorner AR, et al. A survey study of neuropsychiatric complaints in patients with Graves' disease. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1996;8:181–185
  15. Fahrenfort JJ, Wilterdink AM, van der Veen EA. Long-term residual complaints and psychosocial sequel after remission of hyperthyroidism. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25:201–211
  16. Fukao A, Takamatsu J, Murakami Y, et al. The relationship of psychological factors to the prognosis of hyperthyroidism in antithyroid drug-treated patients with Graves' disease. Clin. Endocrinol. 2003;58:550–555
  17. Orenstein H, Peskind A, Raskind MA. Thyroid disorders in female psychiatric patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1988;145:1428–1430
  18. Simon NM, Blacker D, Korbly NB, et al. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in anxiety disorders revisited: new data and literature review. J. Affect. Disord. 2002;69:209–217
  19. Cohen LS. Gender-specific considerations in the treatment of mood disorders in women across the life cycle. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2003;64(Suppl. 15):18–29
  20. Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA. 1993;269:479–482
  21. Werner SC. Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1977;83:725–727
  22. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl. 20):22–33
  23. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  24. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992;
  25. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Profile of mood states, revised. San Diego (CA): Educational and Institutional Testing Service; 1992;
  26. Cole JO. The drug treatment of anxiety and depression. Med. Clin. North Am. 1988;72:815–830
  27. Gleiter CH, Deckert J. Adverse CNS effects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockers. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;29:201–211
  28. Sundstrom IM, Bixo M, Bjorn I, Astrom M. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in gynecologic outpatients. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001;184:8–13
  29. Scholle SH, Haskett RF, Hanusa BH, Pincus HA, Kupfer DJ. Addressing depression in obstetrics/gynecology practice. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 2003;25:83–90
  30. Brownlie BEW, Rae AM, Walshe JWB, Wells JE. Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicoses — “thyrotoxic psychoses”. A report of 18 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2000;142:438–444
  31. Corn TH, Checkley SA. A case of recurrent mania with recurrent hypothyroidism. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1983;143:74–76
  32. Walter-Ryan WG, Fahs JJ. The problem with parsimony: mania and hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1987;48:289–290
  33. Nath J, Sagar R. Late onset bipolar disorder due to hyperthyroidism. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2001;104:72–73
  34. Whybrow PC, Prange AJ. A hypothesis of thyroid–catecholamine-receptor interaction. Its relevance to affective illness. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1981;38:106–113
  35. Charney DS. Neuroanatomical circuits modulating fear and anxiety behaviors. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 2003;417:38–50
  36. Haggerty JJ, Prange AJ. Borderline hypothyroidism and depression. Annu. Rev. Med. 1995;46:37–46
  37. Peake RL. Recurrent apathetic hyperthyroidism. Arch. Intern. Med. 1981;141:258–260
  38. Davies TF. Graves' disease: pathogenesis. In:  Braverman LE,  Utiger RD editor. Werner & Ingbar's thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 8th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 518–531
  39. Busuttil BE, Frauman AG. Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease: the thyrotropin receptor is expressed in extra ocular, but not cardiac muscle tissues. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001;86:2315–2319
  40. Crisanti P, Omri B, Hughes EJ, et al. The expression of thyrotropin receptor in the brain. Endocrinology. 2001;142:812–822
  41. Saunier B, Pierre M, Jacquemin C, Courtin F. Evidence for cAMP-independent thyrotropin effects on astroglial cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 1993;2418:1091–1094
  42. Koehrle J. Local activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones: the deiodinase family. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1999;151:103–119
  43. Kahaly GJ, Hardt J, Petrak F, Egle UT. Psychosocial factors in subjects with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2002;12:237–239
  44. Terwee C, Wakelkamp I, Tan S, et al. Long-term effects of Graves' ophthalmopathy on health-related quality of life. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2002;146:751–757
  45. Park JJ, Sullivan TJ, Mortimer RH, Wagenaar M, Perry-Keene DA. Assessing quality of life in Australian patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2004;88:75–78

PII: S0163-8343(04)00134-3

doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.10.002

General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 27, Issue 2 , Pages 133-139 , March 2005

Article Tools