Effect of depression on all-cause mortality in adults with cancer and differential effects by cancer site
Received 21 February 2006; accepted 18 May 2006.
Abstract
Objective
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of depression on the risk of death in adults with and without cancer and by specific cancer site among those with cancer.
Research Design and Methods
We analyzed data on 10,025 participants in the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1 Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Four groups were created based on cancer and depression status in 1982: (a) no cancer, no depression (reference group; no CA, no DEP); (b) depression but no cancer (DEP, no CA); (c) cancer but no depression (CA, no DEP); and (d) cancer and depression (CA+DEP). Six CA sites were defined: lung, breast, gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU), skin and other. Cox proportional models were used to calculate adjusted hazard for death for each group compared with the reference group and by cancer site.
Results
Over 8 years (78,433 person-years of follow-up), 1925 deaths were documented. The mortality rate per 1000 person-years of follow-up was highest in the CA+DEP group. Compared to the reference group, the hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality were as follows: CA, no DEP: 1.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.23–1.67]; DEP, no CA: 1.44 (95% CI=1.28–1.63); CA+DEP: 1.87 (95% CI=1.49–2.34). HRs for depression by site were as follows: lung: 1.30 (95% CI=0.49–3.99); breast: 1.27 (95% CI=0.58–2.79); GI: 1.47 (95% CI=0.58–3.75); GU: 0.93 (95% CI=0.50–1.74); skin: 1.07 (95% CI=0.67–1.69); other: 2.13 (95% CI=0.55–8.25).
Conclusion
The coexistence of cancer and depression is associated with a significantly increased risk of death, and the effect of depression on the risk of death differs by cancer site.
aDepartment of Hematology/Oncology, Marshfield Clinic-Wausau Center, Wausau, WI 54401, USA
bDepartment of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
cDivision of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
dCharleston VA TREP, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
Corresponding author. Center for Health Disparities Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. Tel.: +1 843 792 2969; fax: +1 843 876 1201.
ABSTRACT