Association between obesity and depression in middle-aged women

Simon, Gregory E.; Ludman, Evette J.; Linde, Jennifer A.; Operskalski, Belinda H.; Ichikawa, Laura; Rohde, Paul; Finch, Emily A.; Jeffery, Robert W.

doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.09.001

« Previous Next »General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 32-39, January 2008

Association between obesity and depression in middle-aged women☆

Gregory E. Simon, M.D., M.P.H.
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 206 287 2979; fax: +1 206 287 2871.
Evette J. Ludman, Ph.D.
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
Jennifer A. Linde, Ph.D.
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
Belinda H. Operskalski, M.P.H.
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
Laura Ichikawa, M.S.
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
Paul Rohde, Ph.D.
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
Emily A. Finch, M.A.
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
Robert W. Jeffery, Ph.D.
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA

Received 27 April 2007; accepted 1 September 2007.

Abstract

Objective

Evaluate the association between obesity and depression among middle-aged women.

Methods

A total of 4641 female health plan enrollees aged 40–65 years completed a structured telephone interview including self-reported height and weight, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) assessment of depression; a brief measure of rate was 62%.

Results

Prevalence of moderate or severe depression increased from 6.5% among those with body mass index (BMI) under 25 to 25.9% among those with BMI over 35. Prevalence of obesity increased from 25.4% among those with no depressive symptoms to 57.8% among those with moderate to severe depression. Independent of obesity, depression was associated with significant reductions in frequency of moderate (4.6 vs. 5.4 times per week) or vigorous (2.8 vs. 3.7 times per week) physical activity. Depression was associated with significantly higher daily caloric intake (1831 vs. 1543) among those with BMI over 30.

Conclusions

Among middle-aged women, depression is strongly and consistently associated with obesity, lower physical activity and (among the obese) higher caloric intake. Public health approaches to reducing the burden of obesity or depression must consider the strong association between these two common conditions.

Keywords: Obesity, Depression, Middle-aged women