General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 67-72 , January 2008

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in an adult inpatient setting

  • Michelle Conroy, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • ,
  • William Menard, B.A.

      Affiliations

    • Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Body Image Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • ,
  • Kathryn Fleming-Ives, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • ,
  • Poonam Modha, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • ,
  • Hilary Cerullo, D.O.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • ,
  • Katharine A. Phillips, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Body Image Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Tel.: +1 401 455 6490; fax: +1 401 455 6539.

Received 18 May 2007 ,Accepted 18 September 2007.

References 

  1. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1138–1149
  2. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI. Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:302–308
  3. Phillips KA. The broken mirror: understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996;[prevised and expanded edition, 2005]
  4. Phillips KA. Quality of life for patients with body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188:170–175
  5. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Pagano M. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:254–260
  6. Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brahler E. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population based survey. Psychol Med. 2006;36:877–885
  7. Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32:24–29
  8. Otto MW, Wilhelm S, Cohen LS, Harlow BL. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of women. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:2061–2063
  9. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:287–293
  10. Hollander E, Cohen LS, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psych Ann. 1993;23:359–364
  11. Brawman-Mintzer O, Lydiard RB, Phillips KA, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: a comorbidity study. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1665–1667
  12. Wilhelm S, Otto MW, Zucker BG, Pollack MH. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11:499–502
  13. Soriano JL, O'Sullivan RL, Baer L, Phillips KA, McNally RJ, Jenike MA. Trichotillomania and self-esteem: a survey of 62 female hair pullers. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:77–82
  14. Phillips KA, Nierenberg AA, Brendel G, Fava M. Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in atypical major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1996;184:125–129
  15. Nierenberg AA, Phillips KA, Petersen TJ, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in outpatients with major depression. J Affect Disord. 2002;69:141–148
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  22. Dyl J, Kittler J, Phillips KA, Hunt JI. Body dysmorphic disorder and other clinically significant body image concerns in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Child Psychiat Hum Dev. 2006;36:369–382
  23. Phillips KA, Diaz S. Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997;185:570–577
  24. Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W. Clinical features and correlates of major depressive disorder in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;97:129–135
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  27. McKay D, Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Comparison of clinical characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11:447–454
  28. Phillips KA, Atala KD, Pope HG. In: Diagnostic instruments for body dysmorphic disorder. New Research Program and Abstracts, American Psychiatric Association 148th Annual Meeting. Miami: APA; 1995;p. 157
  29. Phillips KA, Dufresne RG, Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:436–441
  30. American Psychiatric Association Taskforce for the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures . Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  31. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research; 1996;
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  34. Reynolds WM. Reynolds adolescent depression scale manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1987;
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  37. Coles ME, Phillips KA, Menard W, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder and social phobia: cross-sectional and prospective data. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23:26–33
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  39. Perugi G, Giannotti D, Frare F, et al. Prevalence, phenomenology, and comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia) in a clinical population. Int J Clin Pract. 1997;1:77–82
  40. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1994;30:179–186
  41. Cull JG, Gill WS. Manual for the suicide probability scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 1982;
  42. Phillips KA, Menard W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1280–1282
  43. Phillips KA, Coles M, Menard W, Yen S, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:717–725

☆ This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (K24 MH63975) to Dr. Phillips.

PII: S0163-8343(07)00187-9

doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.09.004

General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 67-72 , January 2008

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