General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 31, Issue 6 , Pages 546-554 , November 2009

Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: a 4-year follow-up study

  • Xia Hong, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychological Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
  • ,
  • Glenn W. Currier, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
    • Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
  • ,
  • Xiaohui Zhao, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychological Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
  • ,
  • Yinan Jiang, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
  • ,
  • Wei Zhou, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychological Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
  • ,
  • Jing Wei, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychological Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 65296066; fax: +86 10 65296066.

Received 13 January 2009 ,Accepted 29 June 2009.

References 

  1. World Health Organization . Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): over 100 days into the outbreak. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003;78:217–220
  2. World Health Organization . Summary table of SARS cases by country, 1 November 2002-7 August 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003;78:311
  3. Liang W, Zhu Z, Guo J, Liu Z, Zhou W, Chin DP, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Beijing, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:25–31
  4. Liang W, McLaws ML, Liu M, Mi J, Chan DK. Hindsight: a re-analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing. Public Health. 2007;121:725–733
  5. Pang X, Zhu Z, Xu F, Guo J, Gong X, Liu D, et al. Evaluation of control measures implemented in the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on Beijing 2003. JAMA. 2003;290:3215–3221
  6. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:1048–1060
  7. Shen YC, Zhang MY, Huang YQ, He YL, Liu ZR, Cheng H, et al. Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in metropolitan China. Psychol Med. 2006;36:257–267
  8. Wang X, Gao L, Shinfuku N, Zhang H, Zhao C, Shen Y. Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1260–1266
  9. Liu A, Tan H, Zhou J, Li S, Yang T, Wang J, et al. An epidemiologic study of posttraumatic stress disorder in flood victims in Hunan China. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51:350–354
  10. Huang G, Zhang Y, Momartin S, Cao Y, Zhao L. Prevalence and characteristics of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in female prisoners in China. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47:20–29
  11. Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Tolin DF. Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:572–581
  12. Nayback A. Health disparities in military veterans with PTSD: influential sociocultural factors. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2008;46:41–51
  13. Xie L, Liu Y, Fan B, Xiao Y, Tian Q, Chen L, et al. Dynamic changes of serum SARS-coronavirus IgG, pulmonary function and radiography in patients recovering from SARS after hospital discharge. Respir Res. 2005;6:5
  14. Li YM, Wang SX, Gao HS, Wang JG, Wei CS, Chen LM, et al. Factors of avascular necrosis of femoral head and osteoporosis in SARS patients' convalescence. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2004;84:1348–1353
  15. Kwek SK, Chew WM, Ong KC, Ng AW, Lee LS, Kaw G, et al. Quality of life and psychological status in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome at 3 months postdischarge. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60:513–519
  16. Wu KK, Chan SK, Ma TM. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Trauma Stress. 2005;18:39–42
  17. Wu KK, Chan SK, Ma TM. Posttraumatic stress after SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1297–1300
  18. Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52:233–240
  19. Cheng SK, Sheng B, Lau KK, Wong CW, Ng YK, Li HL, et al. Adjustment outcomes in Chinese patients following one-month recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192:868–871
  20. Cheng SK, Wong CW, Tsang J, Wong KC. Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Psychol Med. 2004;34:1187–1195
  21. Lau HM, Lee EW, Wong CN, Ng GY, Jones AY, Hui DS. The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on the physical profile and quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1134–1140
  22. Hui DS, Wong KT, Ko FW, Tam LS, Chan DP, Woo J, et al. The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors. Chest. 2005;128:2247–2261
  23. Tansey CM, Louie M, Loeb M, Gold WL, Muller MP, de Jager J, et al. One-year outcomes and health care utilization in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1312–1320
  24. Bonanno GA, Ho SM, Chan JC, Kwong RS, Cheung CK, Wong CP, et al. Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: a latent class approach. Health Psychol. 2008;27:659–667
  25. Yan F, Dun Z, Li SR, Yan Ju, Liu M. Survey on mental status of subjects recovered from SARS. Chin Ment Health J. 2004;18:675–677
  26. Sun y, Xu Y, Zhang KR, Yang H. Follow-up study on PTSD of SARS patients. Chin J Health Educ. 2005;21:572–575
  27. Gao HS, Hui WL, Lan XX, Wei J, Hu YL, Li R, et al. Follow-up study of post-traumatic stress disorder of SARS patients after discharge. Chin J Rehabil Med. 2006;21:1003–10041026
  28. Ministry of Health . 2003, No. 40 document and supplement: SARS and occupation statistics. Beijing: Ministry of Health; 2003;
  29. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41:209–219
  30. Zhao C, Wang X, Chang L, Jin Y, Tian F, Tan S, et al. Reliability and validity of the Impact of Event Scale in Chinese traumatic event sufferers. Chin Ment Health J. 2003;17:679–681
  31. Zung WW. A self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63–70
  32. Zung WW. A rating instrument for anxiety disorder. Psychosomatics. 1971;12:371–379
  33. Shu L. A self-rating depression scale. Measured handbook of mental health. Chinese Mental Health Journal. 1999;13(Suppl):194–196
  34. Wu WY. A self-rating anxiety scale. Measured handbook of mental health. Chinese Mental Health Journal. 1999;13(Suppl):235–238
  35. Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L. SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale—preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1973;9:13–28
  36. Cheng CH. Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90). Measured handbook of mental health. Chinese Mental Health Journal. 1999;13(Suppl):31–35
  37. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD, The MOS. 36-Item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–483
  38. Li L, Wang HM, Shen Y. Chinese SF-36 Health Survey: translation, cultural adaptation, validation, and normalisation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:259–263
  39. World Health Organization . Psychiatric disability assessment schedule (WHO/DAS). WHO: Geneva; 1988;
  40. Zhang MY. Social Disability Screening Schedule. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 1990;2(Suppl):59
  41. Chinese Society of Psychiatry. Chinese Classification and diagnostic criteria of Mental Disorders, version 3 (CCMD-3). Available from: http://www.21jk.com/english/ccmd-3/csp_article_content.asp?recordid=3633(last accessed Dec 15 2008)
  42. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Ed 4 (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  43. Brom D, Kleber RJ, Hofman MC. Victims of traffic accidents: incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1993;49:131–140
  44. Perilla JL, Norris FH, Lavizzo EA. Ethnicity, culture, and disaster response: identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2002;21:20–45
  45. Salcioglu E, Basoglu M, Livanou M. Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Disasters. 2007;31:115–129
  46. Davydow DS, Desai SV, Needham DM, Bienvenu OJ. Psychiatric morbidity in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review. Psychosom Med. 2008;70:512–519
  47. Vanheusden K, van der Ende J, Mulder CL, van Lenthe FJ, Verhulst FC, Mackenbach JP. Beliefs about mental health problems and help-seeking behavior in Dutch young adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44:239–246
  48. Ojeda VD, Bergatresser SM. Gender, race-ethnicity, and psychosocial barriers to mental health care: an examination of perceptions and attitudes among adults reporting unmet need. J Health Soc Behav. 2008;49:317–334
  49. Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoa HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:626–632
  50. Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Needham DM, Bienvenu OJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30:421–434
  51. Sukantarat K, Greer S, Brett S, Williamson R. Physical and psychological sequelae of critical illness. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12:65–74
  52. Deja M, Denke C, Weber-Carstens S, Schröder J, Pille CE, Hokema F, et al. Social support during intensive care unit stay might improve mental impairment and consequently health-related quality of life in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2006;10:R147

 This study was supported by Peking Union Medical College Hospital (HX, ZXH, JYN, ZW, WJ); the National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center (D43TW005814) (E.D. Caine, PI) (HX); and the National Institute of Mental Health Center (P20MH071897) (E.D. Caine, PI) (GC).

PII: S0163-8343(09)00134-0

doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.008

General Hospital Psychiatry
Volume 31, Issue 6 , Pages 546-554 , November 2009